LMX

Description

Contents and Nonclinical Research Context

B6

CAS#: 65-23-6
FORMULA: C8H11NO3
MOLECULAR WEIGHT: 169.18 g/mol

Cardiac-tissue biochemistry in rats: In a dietary study, rats receiving higher levels of pyridoxine hydrochloride had significantly greater concentrations of carnosine and anserine in heart tissue than rats receiving a low-B6 diet. These dipeptides have antioxidant properties; the study measured their concentrations rather than demonstrating improved heart function. [1]

METHIONINE

CAS#: 63-68-3
FORMULA: C5H11NO2S
MOLECULAR WEIGHT: 149.21 g/mol

Glutathione availability in mice: In a mouse study examining dietary methionine and acetaminophen toxicity, methionine deficiency reduced liver glutathione levels and increased susceptibility to acetaminophen-induced liver injury. This finding concerns the consequences of methionine deficiency rather than benefits from supplementation above nutritional requirements. [2]

INOSITOL

CAS#: 87-89-8
FORMULA: C6H12O6
MOLECULAR WEIGHT: 180.16 g/mol

Vascular permeability in diabetic rats: In rats with experimentally induced diabetes, dietary myo-inositol reduced the increased passage of albumin across blood vessels in several tissues in a dose-dependent manner. Complete normalization occurred only in certain tissues under the tested conditions. [3]

CHOLINE

CAS#: 62-49-7
FORMULA: C5H14NO+
MOLECULAR WEIGHT: 104.17 g/mol

Liver-fat accumulation in mice: In weanling mice fed a maize-and-vegetable diet designed to model undernutrition, choline supplementation prevented the liver-fat accumulation observed in mice receiving the unsupplemented diet. [4]

B1

CAS#: 67-03-8
FORMULA: C12H18ClN4OS
MOLECULAR WEIGHT: 300.18 g/mol

Learning and memory in rats: In rats with experimentally induced hypothyroidism, thiamine improved performance in the Morris water maze, a spatial-learning and memory test, compared with untreated hypothyroid animals. Researchers also observed reduced markers of oxidative damage in brain tissue. [5]

B2

CAS#: 83-88-5
FORMULA: C17H20N4O6
MOLECULAR WEIGHT: 376.36 g/mol

Survival in a mouse shock model: In mice with lipopolysaccharide-induced shock, treatment with highly purified riboflavin 5′-sodium phosphate produced a 45% survival rate, compared with no survivors in the saline-treated group. This result was specific to the formulation and experimental model studied. [6]

L-CARNITINE

CAS#: 541-15-1
FORMULA: C7H15NO3
MOLECULAR WEIGHT: 161.2 g/mol

Liver injury in rats: In a rat model involving interrupted liver blood flow followed by restoration of circulation, L-carnitine pretreatment reduced serum AST activity—a marker of tissue injury—compared with untreated injury controls. The findings supported a protective effect within this experimental model. [7]

References

1. Dietary supplemental vitamin B6 increases carnosine and anserine concentrations in the heart of rats. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4472654/

2. Methionine: Effects of dietary methionine and ethanol on acetaminophen hepatotoxicity in mice.

3. Myo-inositol: Modulation of hemodynamic and vascular filtration changes in diabetic rats by dietary myo-inositol.

4. Choline: Choline Supplementation Prevents a Hallmark Disturbance of Kwashiorkor in Weanling Mice Fed a Maize Vegetable Diet: Hepatic Steatosis of Undernutrition.

5. Ameliorative effects of thiamin on learning behavior and memory dysfunction in a rat model of hypothyroidism: implication of oxidative stress and acetylcholinesterase.

6. Potentiation by amino acid of the therapeutic effect of highly purified vitamin B2 in mice with lipopolysaccharide-induced shock.

7. L-Carnitine: The protective effect of L-carnitine on hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats.